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1600-1800 The Yukaghir population was considerably reduced in the 17th-19th centuries owing to epidemics, internecine warfare and the colonization policy of the tsarist government

• 1600-1700 When the Russians did not obtain the demanded amount of yasak from the natives, the Governor of Yakutsk, Piotr Golovin, who was a Cossack, used meat hooks to hang the native men. In the Lena basin, 70% of the Yakut population died within 40 years, and rape and enslavement were used against native women and children in order to force the natives to pay the Yasak

• 1628-1746 To the dismay of the Russian conquerors in Nenets people lands, there were constant uprisings, in which the Nenets also participated. Caravans of tax collectors were raided and Russian strongholds attacked. In a period of one hundred years the Pustozersk stronghold in northeastern Europe suffered six major attacks

• 1642-1682 Russian forces reign of terror in Yakutia. The Yakut population alone is estimated to have fallen by 70 percent

• 1652-1689 War with China Qing Empire

• 1654-1667 Poland/Lithuania, Russo-Polish War

• 1655-1660 Second Northern War

• Denmark was knocked out of the Northern Wars and the Ukrainian Cossacks under Khmelnytskyi's successor, Ivan Vyhovsky, allied themselves with Poland, changing the international situation drastically and inducing the tsar to resume the war against Poland as soon as possible. Under such circumstances, it was necessary to bring the Swedish adventure to a speedy end. On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar (Vallisaare), whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.

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